And as many previous studies suggest that the blockage of NF-κB signaling pathways is a crucial strategy to control inflammatory responses of RA (12, 15–17, 58), this led us to hypothesize that PPI might have anti-inflammatory effects in RA and, if so, by inhibiting NF-κB signaling in the macrophage. The gene discussed is NFKB1; the disease is rheumatoid arthritis.