NFKB1 and cytomegalovirus infection: Saoo et al. (1996) reported the antiviral activity of A. barbadensis Miller against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and showed that the major mechanism of Aloe extracts in inhibiting HCMV infection involves the interference of DNA synthesis. The antiviral activity of Aloe emodin against IAV has also been reported (Li et al., 2014). Recently, a study shows that emodin can inhibit IAV replication and influenza viral pneumonia by activating Nrf2 signaling and inhibiting IAV-induced activation of TLR4, p38/JNK MAPK, and NF-κB pathways (Dai et al., 2017).