GIP and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: In recognition of the pleiotropic actions of gastrointestinal hormones in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis, exogenous peptides or mimetics (e.g., GLP-1 receptor agonists and GLP-1/GIP dual receptor agonists) are under rapid development within the pharmaceutical industry to better manage both type 2 diabetes and obesity.