GNAS and thyroid gland carcinoma: It was suggested that a TSHR mutation concurrent with other thyroid cancer-related genetic alterations such as BRAF, GNAS, RAS, TP53, TRK, PAX8/PPARr, and RET/PTC, or TSHR mutations occurring with very high allelic frequency (allelic frequency >30%) may have a high probability of thyroid cancer (22–25).