KLK3 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Epidemiological studies have shown that multiple factors may increase the risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), such as advanced age, obesity, increased free prostate specific antigen (PSA) level, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and the use of β-blocker medications (Meigs et al., 2001; Kok et al., 2009).