CX3CL1 and brain ischemia: However, when they administering CX3CL1 to the CX3CL1 deficient mice they found aggravated the brain ischemia, possibly related to the constitutive lack of CX3CL1 leading to a maladaptation of the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling axis (Cipriani et al., 2011).