Inhibitors of TGF-β signalling have been explored in pre-clinical models and showed enhanced anti-tumour activity in combination with gemcitabine.8 Galunisertib is the first orally bioavailable small-molecule inhibitor of the type I TGF-β receptor (ALK5) serine/threonine kinase to enter clinical development.9 The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is neoplasm.