Towards clinical application, the pan-HDAC inhibitor, vorinostat (SAHA), has been shown to synergise with bortezomib to induce apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells via an autophagic mechanism.36 Surmising that this cytotoxicity occurred via an HDAC6 function, we investigated the ability of C1A to induce caspase-3/7-dependent cell death consequent to bortezomib-enhanced autophagy flux. The gene discussed is CASP3; the disease is colorectal cancer.