KRAS and colorectal cancer: Treatment of colorectal cancer HCT116 cells (KRAS exon 2: G13D heterozygously mutated allele) with 3-MA (5 mM, 24 h) increased microtubule-associated protein-1 LC3 that is localised on autophagosomal membrane during autophagy (Fig. 1a).30,31 LC3 puncta determined by immunofluorescence (as green fluorescence using anti-LC3B antibody, D11) increased by 13-fold following 3-MA, an effect that was abrogated following co-incubation with C1A.