β-2 Adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) signaling modulates autophagy negatively by disturbing the beclin1/phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase VPS3/autophagy-related protein 14 complex in an Akt-dependent manner, promoting the stabilization of HIF-1α, reprogramming glucose metabolism of HCC cells, and leading to the acquisition of sorafenib resistance46. Here, AKT1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.