Similar effects have been observed in cultured NSCs/NPCs treated with Tat [70, 77] or direct HIV-1 infection [76], as well as in mice with HIV-1 encephalitis [78], doxycycline-inducible GFAP-Tat transgenic mice [27], and GFAP-gp120 mice [24, 25, 79]. The gene discussed is GFAP; the disease is HIV-1 infection.