VEGFA and cancer: The mechanisms of action of mAbs as anti-cancer agents include: preventing ligand–receptor interactions (e.g., bevacizumab, which blocks vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) from binding to receptors), downregulating receptor expression (e.g., trastuzumab for treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2)-positive tumours), preventing receptor dimerization (e.g., pertuzumab), and recruitment of the endogenous immune system (for example through activation of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)).