This recommendation applies to men in the general US population regardless of age and is based on various studies such as the US PLCO and the ERSPC trials and a study by Chou et al. (2011), which concluded there is a small or no reduction in prostate cancer–specific mortality related to PSA-based screening and it is associated with harms related to subsequent evaluation and treatment, some of which may be unnecessary. This evidence concerns the gene KLK3 and prostate cancer.