Neuropathological studies describing the stereotyped, progressive regional involvement of TDP-43 pathology in FTLD-TDP, ALS, AD, and other neurodegenerative disorders support the idea that TDP-43 aggregates may be transmitted from cell to cell resulting in the spread of neuropathological inclusions affecting interconnected brain regions over time4,43. This evidence concerns the gene TARDBP and Alzheimer disease.