Insulin-like growth factor (IGF), as the main ligand for INSR associated with INSR function during in the pathogenesis of human malignant tumors, activates INSR (phosphorylation of Y1158) and the insulin receptor substrate, resulting in activation of phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT-signaling pathway28–31. This evidence concerns the gene INSR and cancer.