mRNAs exhibiting aberrant expression were employed for further pathway enrichment (Fig. 1b), which showed that among the 18 enriched signaling pathways, the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-signaling pathway, insulin-signaling pathway, and pathways in cancer represented the three most significant (p < 0.0001) results for 100 differentially expressed mRNAs. This evidence concerns the gene INS and cancer.