HERC2 and Astigmatism: As mentioned above, for refractive astigmatism, markers achieving genome-wide significant association clustered in three regions (Table 2): LINC00340, (top marker: rs12196123, P = 1.60 × 10−15), HERC2 (top marker: rs1129038, P = 2.30 × 10−11) and TSPAN10/NPLOC4 (top marker: rs34635363, P = 2.00 × 10−9).