Further, our results suggested that the dysfunctional antioxidant systems in offspring of dams fed with the serine-deficient diet were caused by lower NADPH availability and the dysfunctional Akt/AMPK/Sirt1 pathway potentially mediates the effects of maternal serine deficiency on offspring. This evidence concerns the gene SIRT1 and hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, familial, 4.