Cox regression models showed that AF, as a time-varying variable, was significantly associated with an increased risk of dementia after adjusting for demographics, lifestyle factors, and chronic diseases (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.11–1.77), and this association was statistically evident only among women (HR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.10–2.94) and APOE ε4 carriers (HR = 1.74, 95% CI: 1.17–2.59) (table 3). The gene discussed is APOE; the disease is atrial fibrillation.