For in vivo study, given the weak oncogenic capacity of H4 cell and the low endogenous ARHGEF16 level in U87 cell, sh-Control and sh-ARHGEF16 U118 stable cell lines (Fig. 4g, h) were inoculated in athymic nude mice as described in methods section to determine ARHGEF16-knockdown effects on glioma progression. Here, ARHGEF16 is linked to glioma.