HMGB1 and cancer: Upregulation of HMGB1 was associated with enhanced LC3‐II/LC3‐I ratios and protected from treatment‐induced cell death, which was prevented by knockdown of HMGB1.208 HMGB1 mediated resistance to chemotherapy via mTOR and Beclin‐1 was further reported in several different cancer cell lines.204, 207, 208 As discussed above, various other factors can induce mTOR, thereby, facilitating resistance to chemotherapy mediated by autophagy.