TNF and colonic neoplasm: Additionally, aside from the expression of immune-modulating molecules, Salmonella enterica has also been used to express and/or secrete molecules that induce tumor cell death by apoptosis, such as Fas ligand [119], TNF-α [120], or TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) [121], in murine models of colon cancer, melanoma, or gastric cancer, respectively; in all cases, significant tumor regression was observed as well as increased mouse survival.