Moreover, we report that both systemic inflammation and iron deficiency are associated with alterations in molecular markers for BNIP3 and BNIP3L-mediated mitophagy, and that while we report no coherent changes for ID-COPD, our results show higher BNIP3 and autophagy-related protein levels in patients with increased systemic inflammation. Here, BNIP3 is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.