MAPK8 and breast cancer: 2002; Shen and Liu 2006; Zhu et al. 2014). We observed that the increase in ROS production with the combination treatment was associated with activation of JNK. Previous studies have demonstrated that DIM increased ROS production and induced JNK and p38 signaling in breast cancer cell lines (Xue et al. 2005; Gong et al. 2006; Roy et al. 2008).