TNF and alcohol dependence: After exposure to DCA and LTA for 48 h, the major genes with altered expression levels were those involved in focal adhesion, systemic lupus erythematosus, alcoholism, extracellular matrix–receptor interactions, arrhythmogenic right-ventricular cardiomyopathy, the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway, viral carcinogenesis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, influenza A, and the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway (Table 2).