TXNIP and diabetes mellitus: TXNIP is a key factor in the regulation of functional β-cell mass, and inhibition of TXNIP ameliorates the symptoms of diabetes (40); for example, knockdown of TXNIP ameliorated high-glucose-induced epithelial—to—mesenchymal transition in renal tubular epithelial cells (60) and deletion of TXNIP prevented high-fat-diet-induced inflammation in critical-limb ischemic mice (61).