GCG and adenocarcinoma: In this study, we established that both the structural characteristics as an agonist of bitter taste receptors and the biochemical characteristics as an activator of AMPK, stimulated GLP-1 secretion through Gα-gust-mediated bitter taste receptor signaling under differentiated NCI-H716, derived from a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the caecum (de Bruine et al., 1992).