In particular, consistent with the high frequency of TRAF3 deletions and mutations in HPV+ HNSCC, overexpression of TRAF3 inhibits the growth, migration and chemoresistance of HPV+ HNSCC by decreasing HPV E6 oncoprotein and increasing p53 and RB tumor suppressors (328). Here, RB1 is linked to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.