In addition to the above TRAF1-dependent oncogenic pathways (ERK5-AP1, BRAF-ERK, NF-κB1, and NF-κB2) that have been verified in both human cancers and in vivo mouse models, several oncogenic pathways involving TRAF1 have been suggested by studies using patient samples, cultured human cancer cells or xenograft models. This evidence concerns the gene BRAF and cancer.