In certain cancer types (e.g., melanoma, NSCLC, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, and gastrointestinal stromal tumors), PD-L1 expression is upregulated and associated with poor prognosis (Konishi et al., 2004; Bertucci et al., 2015; Sabatier et al., 2015; Birnbaum et al., 2016). This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and melanoma.