TGFB1 and renal fibrosis: Collectively, TGF-β1 accelerates renal fibrosis through various mechanisms by causing cell loss through apoptosis, creating imbalance in fibroblast-mediated ECM synthesis and ECM accumulation, and inducing the transition of various cell types, including epithelial cell, endothelial cells, and macrophages into fibroblast-type cells that are capable of depositing ECM [36,39,40,41].