TNF and hydrops fetalis: It has been extensively shown in humans and animal models that long term HF diet results in an excessive accumulation of adipose tissue in skeletal muscle leading to muscle atrophy via activation of proteins of the atrophy pathway (TNFα-TNF-R-NFκB-MuRF-1); as consequence, not only body weight increases but also the ubiquitin proteasome system, autophagy, and apoptosis pathways are activated [2–4, 32–35].