IRS1 and hydrops fetalis: At the cellular level, HF diets induce mitochondrial dysfunction leading to insulin resistance and reducing the muscle mass via decreasing protein levels of the IGF1-PI3K-Akt/PKB-mTOR skeletal muscle growth pathway, i.e. the insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and a serine-threonine protein kinase (AKT) [5].