Importantly, increases in TNFα, IL-12p70 and IL-2 are not merely consequent of enhanced immune cell presence, as a number of other cytokines were unaltered by ibuprofen treatment including those associated with tumor associated macrophages, monocytes and M2 polarized macrophages [IL-4 (Fig. 5j), IL-6 (Fig. 5k), IL-10 (Fig. 5l)]. Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.