Thus, lack of T cell infiltration along with the restoration of Treg cell populations with ibuprofen treatment suggests additional benefit, and perhaps synergy, would come from therapies that combine inhibition of COX-2 or PGE2 with therapies targeting regulatory T cell function (i.e. anti-TGFbeta, anti-IL-10) or therapies that enhance T cell trafficking into the tumor (anti-VEGF). This evidence concerns the gene VEGFA and neoplasm.