A significant increase in the levels of the following inflammatory mediators was observed: resolvin D1 (RvD1), leukotriene B4 (LTB4), prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, and TNF-α, in contrast to a decrease in TGF-β1 in the serum of patients with visceral leishmaniasis compared with an uninfected endemic control group. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and visceral leishmaniasis.