CSF TGF-β (Hedges g, 1.646; 95% CI, 0.557-2.735; P = 0.003), MCP-1(Hedges'g, 0.538; 95% CI, 0.184-0.892; P = 0.003) and YKL-40 (Hedges'g, 0.704; 95% CI, 0.438-0.969; P < 0.001) levels were significantly increased in AD patients as compared with controls (Figure 2, Table 1). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and Alzheimer disease.