S100A4 and cardiac hypertrophy: Altered S100A4 expression has been described in different animal models and even humans: increased steady-state concentrations of S100A4 mRNA and protein have been found upon induction of pathological cardiac hypertrophy in rats and mice via isoprenaline, high-salt diet or transverse aortic constriction (TAC) (Inamoto et al., 2000; Tamaki et al., 2013).