NPY and myocardial ischemia: Robich et al. demonstrated that 3 weeks of NPY treatment enhanced arteriole formation via the upregulation of DPP-4, Y1R and pro-angiogenic factors including VEGF, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) in a porcine model of myocardial ischemia (Robich et al., 2010).