CXCL1 and central nervous system cancer: To understand the phenomenon of decreased angiogenic activity in the U87 glioma cell line after NG and nGO treatment, 20 cytokines that are important in angiogenesis were analyzed, including vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), interleukin 6 and 8 (IL-6 and IL-8), growth-regulated oncogene α (GROα; CXCL1), and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) (an array map with a list of all analyzed cytokines and uncropped images are included in Supplemental Figs S1–S3).