While spina bifida developed in all Grhl3-deficient embryos (Fig. 8b), the spina bifida phenotype of Grhl3NLS/NLS appeared to be milder than that of the Grhl3-deficient mutation; a much lower sacral spina bifida emerged in 57.1% of Grhl3NLS/NLS embryos (n = 12/21); a curved tail phenotype alone was present in 19%, which manifested as incomplete penetrance (Fig. 8c, o). The gene discussed is GRHL3; the disease is spina bifida.