IL25 and viral infectious disease: Epithelial cells from the respiratory tract release innate cytokines in response to a viral infection, also known as “alarmins,” which include IL-33, IL-25, and thymic stromal lyphoprotein (TSLP); these cytokines activate immune cells like T cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages, normally driving a Th2 immune response (42, –, 45).