GLI1 and malignant colon neoplasm: For example, FOXC2 regulates epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in glioblastoma, activates two intracellular signaling pathways—mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT—that promote the proliferation of colon cancer cells, promotes the proliferation of breast cancer cells by inducing glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (GLI1) and sonic hedgehog (SHH)/GLI1 signaling, and accelerates cancer progression by inducing the epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT).