ENPP1 and diabetes mellitus: In a multicenter clinical study conducted in Italy and America in 2005, it is observed that increased expression of ENPP1 is associated with a higher prevalence of diabetes and myocardial infarction.27 So, in this research, we excluded patients with type 2 diabetes and it was found that the level of serum ENPP1 is affected by type 2 diabetes and there is a significant negative relationship between the ENPP1 serum levels and the total calcification score of coronary arteries in non-diabetic patients with cardiovascular disease.