Many studies have also identified TF regulators of migration and invasion in cultured GSCs or patient-derived xenografts (PDX) mouse glioma models18, including SMADs acting downstream of the TGFβ signaling pathway19, HIF1/2-alpha20,21, ZEB122,23, STAT324, C/EBPβ25, TWIST126, SNAIs27, and Id228. Here, TF is linked to glioma.