GALR1 and Cholestatic liver disease: Other studies indicate that numerous other pathways, such as pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1 (PDX-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) A/C and relative receptor VEGFR-2/3, and galanin and galanin receptor 1 (GalR1) are associated with cholangiocyte proliferation and liver fibrosis in cholestatic liver disease such as during BDL in rats [49,50].