Secretory extracellular superoxide dismutase (OvES-SOD) from O. volvulus, which is found in the excretory/secretory products of adult worms, was able to trigger responses in sera from onchocerciasis patients, with IgG titers significantly higher in sera from individuals with the ‘hyperreactive’ form compared with sera from those with the generalized form of onchocerciasis [40]. The gene discussed is SOD1; the disease is onchocerciasis.