EPCAM and cancer: For example, Shigdar and colleagues [52] chemically formulated a new small RNA fluorescent labelled aptamer (19 base DY-647) from a 40 base RNA aptamer isolated from a random oligonucleotide library, that has an affinity for epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), which is upregulated in various cancer cells such as breast, gastric and colorectal cancer.