In pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells from human and animal models of pulmonary arterial hypertension, miR-223 is reduced, which promotes activation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 and DNA damage, downregulation of miR-204, and the subsequent activation of transcription factors (nuclear factor of activated T cells and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α), leading to aberrant proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells40,52. This evidence concerns the gene PARP1 and pulmonary arterial hypertension.