Specifically, we examined ENPP1 (and ENPP3) activity in hepatoma HepG2 cells, ENPP3 activity in colon carcinoma HT-29-MTX-E12 cells and KU-812 basophils, NT5E/CD73 activity in pancreatic carcinoma PANC-1 cells and monocytic leukemia THP-1 cells, and TNAP activity in chronic myelogenous leukemia-derived HAP1 cells (Fig. 3a–f) because these are representative cells that express the corresponding ectoenzymes (Supplementary Fig. 1). Here, ENPP1 is linked to exocrine pancreatic carcinoma.