HMGB1 and Alzheimer disease: HMGB1 acts as a pathogenic inflammatory response to mediate ranges of conditions such as epilepsy (Maroso et al., 2010), septic shock (Wang et al., 1999), ischemia (Kim et al., 2006; Wang et al., 2015), TBI (Okuma et al., 2012), PD (Sasaki et al., 2016), AD (Fujita et al., 2016), and MS (Andersson et al., 2008).