TLR4 and epilepsy: HMGB1 and TLR4 antagonists slowed seizure precipitation, prevented acute and chronic seizure recurrence in C57BL/6 mice as well as reported increased expression of HMGB1 and TLR4 in human epileptogenic tissue, which is similar to a mouse model of chronic seizures and suggest a role for the HMGB1-TLR4 axis in human epilepsy (Maroso et al., 2010).