TNF and epilepsy: Investigation on post-surgery patients with intractable epilepsy revealed increased levels of HMGB1, TLR4, RAGE, NF-κB, p65 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the brain of the epilepsy group as well as increased levels of IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β, and IL-10 in epilepsy patients (Shi et al., 2018).