HMGB1 and viral encephalitis: High level of HMGB1, IL-6, and IL-17A has been detected in CSF of patients with an anti-NMDA receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis (neuroinflammatory disorder) (Ai et al., 2018), reflecting the underlying neuroinflammatory processes but does not report any precise role of HMGB1 in disease pathology.