TNF and toxoplasmosis: It should be noted, however, that although it is commonly admitted that IFN-γ-dependent pathways are pivotal in the control of toxoplasmosis, other molecular signals such as the cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) [23] and the CD40 (a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily)/CD40 ligand interaction [24–26] also play a significant role, although this may be more the case in humans than mice.