INS and overnutrition: It was shown that in as short as 24h of fasting and refeeding, changes in cell size and gene expression were detectable in various adipose tissue depots.2,3 Long- and short-term overnutrition has been shown to directly influence adipose tissue and to cause hypertrophy, inflammation, insulin resistance, and changes in plasma parameters in mice and humans.2,4–9 Conversely, removal of HFD was shown to reverse most of these changes.2,10,11