Although the tendency toward more aggressive PIN phenotypes was evident as early as 2 months after induction of prostatitis, the most striking examples were observed at 6 months and 12 months post-infection (Fig. 3A,B; Fig. S4; Table S3), highlighting the importance of aging for the pre-cancerous phenotype of the Nkx3.1 mutant mice, as we have observed previously (Bhatia-Gaur et al., 1999; Irshad et al., 2013). This evidence concerns the gene NKX3-1 and medical procedure.