For example, AP3D1 (adj.p-0.038) and IL32 (adj.p-0.001) were up-regulated and MMP12 (adj.p = 0.042) was down-regulated in non-smoking controls vs. COPD subjects in alveolar macrophages29 (Alveolar macrophage I). This evidence concerns the gene MMP12 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.